Eva Smiths Diary Essay Example for Free

Eva Smiths Diary EssayGeorge maintains his game-playing and point-scoring with Martha by assuming a teacher- akin tone, while Martha is the pupil. He explains that the chromosome business is very simple, Martha, patronising her like shes a child, again continuing the games. George belittles her, implying shes a monster with a ravenous, almost sexual, appetite that eats chromosomes for breakfast. His sudden increase in conversation may be a means to occlude Marthas incessant flirting with break off, since he is feeling rather threatened by Nick. Although George is speaking to Martha he is directing it at Nick. He links the idea of the unoriginal unvarying race personally to Nick, referring to the smooth, blond, and right at the middleweight limit civilisation of seemingly glorious men. Nick fits this description perfectly, personifying the typical, superficially perfect American Dream, and by making his condemnation of the vision specifically related to Nick, George challenges him. George is contemptuous towards Nick, and as the stage directions read, ignores him when Nick tries to protest.He doesnt trust Nick, and George openly challenges him I know when Im world threatened. This demonstrates his acknowledgement of both the sexual threat Nick poses, and of the battle between art and science. George is non fooled by Nicks false courtesy as seen in the primordial stages of the play. Nicks guise of decorum is gradually beginning to uncover. Being a scientist makes him the victim of Georges criticism, and a contributor in the construction of a monotonous master race.Consequently, Nick does not have an opposing response to this vision since he plays a role in its development displayed through his joke of being the wave of the future. It also reveals elements of Nicks arrogance when he says it. He tries to, as seen in the stage directions make light of it all, in a sarcastic reply to Georges attack, but on that point is a sense of overconfidence about it. Nick seems unable to take criticism and when he tries to interrupt George, he is impatient or says it grimly, showing how he wants to land up Georges belittling of him and his profession, and his frustration at George.Nick obviously dislikes and holds contempt to George. He gets very irritated with Georges comments about scientists being ants, demanding Are you finished? Nick is graceful infuriated with Georges taunting, but tries to control himself by trying to make light of it all. The underlying tensions in Nicks relationship with Honey begin to show clearly. He snaps at her when she drunkenly asks You never told me, and his angry outburst, as seen by the stage directions, shocks her.Nick unleashes his impatience and resentment onto Honey, showing that they are not the perfect couple that they seem to be. Here, Albee breaks down the image of the American Dream which Honey and Nick are supposed to embody. Nick calls himself a personal screwing machine in response to Marth as flirting with him. Martha surprisingly doesnt play a domineering part in this extract. She doesnt seem very interested in the totalitarian vision of the future, until George mentions Nick. Marthas responses Hunh AwwwGoody, are not ones made with great enthusiasm or with interest, although she is impressed at the start of Georges explanation of chromosomes to her. When Martha does comment it does not exhibit anything that we dont already know about her, much(prenominal) as her sexual forwardness. Martha is subtly developing her relationship with Nick, flattering him constantly. She remarks how its not a bad idea if everyone looked like him, and salaciously says So, everyones going to look like you, eh? Marthas obvious flirting could either be taken seriously, or as just another game to annoy George.Along with her advances towards Nick, she gets at George by set him down, teasing him about his paunch. Martha and Georges childish games are a common part of their interaction, and her mocking him is all part of the game. This extract is essential in showing how there is a gradual development of characters and their opinions, especially George. How the relationships between characters are portrayed in this extract is significant they are beginning to develop, and their true nature is more and more being exposed.Yet Albee does not simply convey the characters and their relationships with each other, but perhaps even a portrayal of a wider society. In this extract, Albee criticises the concept of the American Dream, the idea of perfection through George, and successfully shows how all that glitters is not necessarily gold. (1263 words) Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student compose piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Departmental imaging requirements Essay Example for Free

Departmental imaging requirements EssayIntroduction Diagnosing, staging, and re-staging of bottomcer, as well as the monito stria and planning of wadcer treatment, has traditionally relied on anatomic imaging like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spatially correct medical exam imaging is an essential tool in three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning. CT imaging is the standard imaging modality for watch based radiation treatment planning (RTP). CT proposes allow for anatomic discipline on the size and location of tumors in the body. They also provide electron density information for heterogeneity-based longanimous dose calculation. The major limitation of the CT imaging wreak is soft tissue secernate, which is overcome by apply contrast agents or using another anatomical imaging modality like MRI. One of the disadvantages of anatomical imaging techniques lik e CT and MRI is its inability to remember the tumor. Tumors need to be characterized whether they be benign or malignant and if malignant it would be helpful to know whether the proliferation is slow or dissolute.Necrotic, scar, and inflammatory tissue very much cannot be antitheticaliated from malignancy based on anatomic imaging alone. Anatomical imaging has high sensitivity for detection of structural changes, but a low specificity for further characterization of these abnormalities. Single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography (PET) be imaging techniques that provide information on physiology earlier than anatomy. These modalities swallow been used for evaluation of tumor metabolism, contrastingiation between tumor reoccurrence and radiation necrosis, detection of hypoxic areas of the tumor, and other operative imaging.Radiation treatment planning requires an accurate location of the tumor and the normal tissue and also knowledge of the si ze of the tumor for contouring the treatment volume. Although PET provides necessary functional information for RTP, it has a a couple of(prenominal) limitations. The spatial resolution of PET is too poor to give accurate quantitative information. The greatest limitation in using PET for RTP is its lack of anatomical information. This limitation of PET is overcome by evaluating PET and CT images together.Fused PET and CT images give better diagnostic evaluation than PET or CT images used alone (Bar-Shalom et al, 2003 Cohade Wahl, 2003). But conglutination of PET and CT images are meaningful only when they are correctly spatially registered. Hence a proper spatial registration is required for accurate delineation of tumor volume. The necessity of accurate spatial registration of fused images requires different fusion techniques for different image selective informationsets. Software fusion and hardware fusion are the dickens different approaches considered by the scientific commu nity (Townsend et al, 2003 Townsend et al, 2002).Software fusion approaches use different transformation algorithms to fuse different modality images acquired at different times. The transformation algorithms are classified as rigid and non-rigid transformation algorithms. They are based on whether they fuse images of rigid-body (e. g. , head) or non rigid (e. g. , abdomen) objects (Patton, 2001 Yap, 2002). Although software fusion gives better diagnostic information than using separate images, physicians may not rely on the information if the fused images were acquired at different times.Also the chances of a change in uncomplaining position are high for image acquisition done at different times. The hardware approach of image fusion is headed towards designing a single imaging system to acquire simultaneously the different image modalities required. ironware fusion is partially achieved by construction of a getbreed PET/CT creamner (Beyer et al, 2000 Townsend et al, 2004) whi ch acquires different modalities sequentially. These hybrid scanners are two separate scanners enabled to turn in sequence one after another to acquire the different image modality datasets in a single imaging session.Although hybrid scanners do not give a true hardware fusion and have not proven to be a better fusion technique scientifically (Kalabbers et al, 2002), they have gained popularity for image acquisition in a single session. Due to reduced scan time and patient motion, PET/CT is considered reliable among the oncology community. These hybrid PET/CT scanners, receivable to reduced scan time and reliable registration of PET and CT datasets, are becoming common in RTP. A PET image fused with a CT image can be used in treatment planning to eliminate geographic misses of the tumor and escalation of dose to the hypermetabolic aspects of a tumor.Fused images improve the accuracy in staging of lymph nodes. Although the use of PET/CT in RTP is growing at a fast pace, little inq uiry has been done in the direction of validating the PET/CT datasets for RTP. Discussion CT images describe the electronic density distribution of cross sections of the patient anatomy. CT systems provide gray scale display of linear fading coefficients that closely relate to the density of the tissue. CT imaging evolved from conventional flat radiographs.In planar X-ray film imaging the three dimensional anatomy of the patient is reduced to a two dimensional attenuation projection image and the depth information of the structures are lost. In CT imaging several attenuation projection images for a volume of tissue are acquired at different angles. These sets of projection images are theorise by filtered back projection algorithm to generate two dimensional attenuation cross-section of anatomy of the patient. The attenuation measurement for a CT detector element is given by Equation 1 and Equation 2.Equation 1 represents attenuation measurement for self-colored object and Equati on 2 represent attenuation measurement for inhomogeneous (heterogeneous) objects. _ P(x) =1n I0 = ? x ? (1) __ _ I x _ _ _ P(x) = 1n I0 = x d x ? (2) __ L _ I x In the above equation P(x) is the mensural projection data for attenuation along the x direction. Io is the intensity of the x-ray beam measured without the patient in the way for that detector element.This is also cognise as a blank scan. I (x) is the measured intensity after attenuation by the patient.? (x) is the measured attenuation coefficient as a function of location in the patient. A CT scanner positions a rotating x-ray tube and detector on gelid sides of the patient to acquire projection images. Early CT scanners used pencil beams of x-rays and a combination of translation and rotation motion to acquire projection images (Bushberg et al, 1994). innovative CT scanners have a stationary or rotating detector array with a rotating fan beam x-ray tube. There are also two types of scanning axile and helical CT scann ing.In axial scanning the patient is moved step by step acquiring sets of projection images for for each one slice. In helical scanning the patient table moves continuously while the x-ray tube acquires a series of projection images. The projection images are acquired for a helical path around the patient. In helical scanning to reconstruct a cross-sectional planar image, the helical data is interpolated to give axial plain projection data before reconstructive memory. By removing the time to index the table between slices the total scan time of the patient is reduced.Also reconstruction can be done for any slice thickness after acquiring the data. This helical scanning is available in most of the current CT scanners. The reconstructed CT image is a two dimensional matrix of numbers, with each pixel corresponding to a spatial location in the image and in the patient. Usually the matrix is 512 pixels wide and 512 pixels tall covering a 50 cm x 50 cm field of view. The numeric valu e in each pixel represents the attenuation coefficient as a gray level in the CT image. These numbers are called Hounsfield units or CT numbers.The reconstruction solve generates a matrix of Hounsfield units which give the linear attenuation values normalized to the attenuation of water. This normalization is given by Equation 3. CT Number (HU) = 1000 (? pixel ? water) ____________ ?water CT number gives an indication of the type of tissue. Water has a CT number of zero. Negative CT numbers are typical for carriage spaces, lung tissues and fatty tissue. Values of ? pixel greater than ? water correspond to other soft tissues and bone. Radiologists occasionally make critical diagnostic decisions based on CT number of particular regions of interest.Also attenuation values given by CT numbers are used to calculate the dose delivered to the tumor in RTP. CT number is an important parameter in CT images which must be frequently checked for accuracy. Positron emission tomography (PET) i maging generates images that read the distribution of positron emitting radionuclide in the patient body. PET imaging often uses the F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) radioactive tracer to track increased glucose metabolic bodily bring of tumor cells and to provide images of the whole body distribution of FDG.When the positron is emitted by the radioactive tracer it annihilates with an electron to generate two 511 kev photons emitted in nearly opposite directions. These photons interact with the ring of detector elements ring the patient. If both the emitted photons are detected then the point of annihilation lies on the line joining the points of detection. This line joining the points of detection is known as the line of response (LOR). The circuit used by the scanner to record the detector interactions occurring at the same time is called coincidence circuitry.This whole process is called annihilation coincidence detection. Thus a PET scanner uses annihilation coincidence detecti on instead of mechanical collimation like gamma cameras to acquire projections of activity distribution in the patient. Projections acquired at different angles are reconstructed using iterative algorithms to generate cross-sectional images of activity distribution. The annihilation coincidence detection process allows many sullen events to be acquired. Corrections are necessary for these false events before the projections are reconstructed.The total events acquired are classified as trues, random and scatter. A true coincidence is simultaneous interactions occurring in the detectors resulting from emissions occurring in the same nuclear transformation. Random coincidences occur when emissions from different nuclear transformations interact in coincidence with the surrounding detectors. Scatter coincidence occurs when one or both photons from annihilation is scattered in the patient body and interact with the detector to give a false LOR. The acquired annihilation events need to b e corrected for random and scatter events.Random coincidence events along any LOR may be directly measured using the delayed coincidence method (Levin, 2003). The delayed coincidence method uses two coincidence circuits. The first circuit measures both true and random coincidence events. The gage circuit has a delay of several hundred micro split seconds inserted into the coincidence window, so all true coincidences are thrown out of coincidence. The counts measured in the second circuit are subtracted from the first to give true counts. Scatter discipline is done for the projection data by model-based scatter estimation (Levin, 2003).The scatter correction factor is estimated by mathematical models and applied to the projection data before reconstruction. moving-picture show fusion was initially achieved by software fusion of anatomical and functional images. Software fusion was generally successful with brain and rigid body volumes. It encountered significant difficulties when fusing images of the rest of the body. Alignment algorithms fail to converge the two image sets due to problems of patient movement or discrepancies in patient positioning between two scans. Also involuntary movements of internal organs arise when patient are imaged on different scanners and at different times.Dual modality PET/CT imaging is a combination of imaging technologies helping to acquire accurately aligned anatomical and functional images in the same scanning session. Also an additional advantage of the combined PET/CT scanner is the use of CT images for attenuation correction. CT images can be scaled in energy and used to correct the PET data for attenuation effects (Kinahan et al, 2003 Kinahan et al, 1998). Dual-modality PET/CT was first built at the University of Pittsburgh in collaboration with CTI (Knoxville, TN) and Siemens Medical Solutions (Hoffman Estates, IL), combining separate PET and CT scanning devices into one device.The PET/CT prototype consisted of a rotat ing partial ring PET system and a single slice CT scanner mounted on the same rotating support. The CT scanner combined with PET often uses helical scanning CT to enable fast patient throughput, but new scanners with both helical and axial scanning are available now. The CT data is usually acquired first, followed by PET acquisition. There are typically two separate acquisition process units for CT and PET, and an integrated display workstation. The acquired CT and PET datasets are sending to the reconstruction processing unit for reconstruction.Reconstructed images are fused in the fusion workstation. CT and PET images can also be separately viewed in the workstation. The protocol for PET/CT imaging starts with patient preparation. 5 15 mCi of FDG is injected into the patient 45 60 min before the start of image acquisition. After 45 min, the glucose circulates through the body the patient gets ready for image acquisition by emptying the bladder. The patient is positioned on the t able for an initial topogram. The topogram is used to select the scan range for PET/CT image acquisition.The scan range is selected as a number of bed positions. Once the image acquisition region is selected in the topogram, the helical CT scan is done first it takes around 30 sec to acquire one bed position. After completion of the CT portion, the scanner bed is moved to the PET starting position and the emission scan is started. The emission scan duration per bed position varies with the detector technology used. With conventional bismuth germinate oxyorthosilicate (BGO) system, acquisition times will range from 5 to 8 minutes per bed position.The new lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) technology reduces emission scans to 3 to 5 minutes per bed position (Humm et al, 2003). The CT data are used to perform attenuation correction. Image reconstruction is completed a few minutes after the PET image acquisition is completed. Since the CT data is used for attenuation correction, the total scan duration for a PET/CT scanner is shorter than that for stand-alone PET scanner, because the CT acquisition is much smart than a conventional PET transmission acquisition. Conclusion.To conclude, Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography (PET/CT) is an imaging test that produces high resolution pictures of the bodys biological functions and anatomic structures. These images show body metabolism and other functions rather than simply the gross anatomy and structure revealed by a standard CT or MRI scan. This is important because functional changes are often present before obvious structural changes in tissues are evident. PET/CT imaging can uncover abnormalities that might otherwise go undetected.For example, PET/CT can check the presence and extent of tumors unseen by other imaging techniques, or detect Alzheimers disease one to two years before the diagnosis would be made with certainty by your primary doctor. PET/CT is believed to be the most accurate imaging test available to evaluate lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, head and tell apart cancer, and esophageal cancer. In published research studies, PET has been shown to have an approximately 90% accuracy in many of these cancer types.PET is the most accurate imaging test available to determine the presence of a dementia process such as Alzheimers disease. PET is also the most accurate test available to evaluate patients who have had a previous heart attack and are being considered for a procedure to improve blood flow to the injured heart muscle. References Bar-Shalom, R. Yefremov, N. Guralnik, L. Gaitini, D. Frenkel, A. Kuten, A. Altman, H. Keidar, Z. Israel, O. 2003. Clinical military operation of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer Additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient management. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol.(44. ) 1200-1209. Beyer, T. Townsend, D. W Brun, T. Kinahan, P. E Charron, M. Roddy, R. Young, J. Byars, L. Nutt, R. A. 2000 . combine PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol (41)1369-1379. Bushberg, J. T Seibert, J. A Leidholdt Jr. , E. M Boone, J. M. 1994. Essential of Physics of Imaging (2nd Edition). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Cohade, C. Wahl, R. L. 2003. Application of positron emission tomography/computed tomography image fusion in clinical positron emission tomography-Clinical use, Interpretation methods, diagnostic improvements.Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, Vol (XXXIII) 228-237. Humm, J. L Rosenfeld, A Guerra, A. D. 2003. From PET detectors to PET scanners. Eurpoean Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular imaging, Vol (30) 1574-1597. Kalabbers, B. M De Munck, J. C. Slotman, B. J Bree, R. D Hoekstra, O. S Boellaard, R. Lammertsma, A. A. 2002. Matching PET and CT scans of the head and neck area Development of method and validation. Medical Physics, Vol (29), 2230-2238. Kinahan, P. E Hasegawa, B. H Beyer, T. 2003. X-Ray based attenuation correction for posit ron emission tomography/computed tomography scanners.Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, Vol (XXXIII) 166-179. Kinahan, P. E Townsend, D. W Beyer, T. Sashin, D. 1998. Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner. Medical Physics, Vol (25) 2046-2053. Levin, C. S. 2003. Data Correction Methods and Image reconstruction algorithms for positron emission tomography. AAPM meeting. Continuing education, San Diego. Patton, J. 2001. Image Fusion in Nuclear Medicine PET/CT. Abstract ID 7192, AAPM Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City. Townsend, D. W Beyer, T. Blodgett, T. M. 2003. PET/CT scanners A Hardware approach to Image Fusion.Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, Vol (XXXIII) 193-204. Townsend, D. W Beyer, T. 2002. A combined PET/CT scanner the path to true image fusion. The British Journal of Radiology, Special issue Vol (25) S24-S30. Townsend, D. W Carney, J. P. J Yap, J. T Hall, N. C. 2004. PET/CT today and tomorrow. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol (45) 4S-14S. Yap, J. T. 2002. Image Recons truction and Image fusion (PET/CT). Abstract ID 8391, AAPM Meeting Abstract ID 8391, Montreal. Zaidi, H. Hasegawa, B. 2003. Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol (44)291-315.

Happiness Is Being Content Philosophy Essay

Happiness Is Being Content Philosophy EssayHappiness is being content with what you have in your life. It comes down to deuce different types of contentment. The first type is a material happiness that comes from material things including food, shelter, clothing, cars, technological devices and anything else that that physic all toldy exists and is an object of intrust. The second type of happiness is much more than abstract it is a kind of spiritual or natural happiness. It comes from being at peace or from achieving a state of inner contentment. As the aphorism goes, the truth lies somewhere in the middle and it is my belief that only done a perfect balance of these two sources of happiness can one be truly happy, which is, in a way, to be content.The fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso speaks of happiness in much the same way. When asked by Howard Cutler to speak intimately desire, the Dalai Lama replies, I think there be two kinds of desire (Cutler 1000). The Dalai Lama say s of the material desire I previously identified I think that this kind of undue desire leads to greed-an exaggerated form of desire, based on over expectation. He goes on to say, When it comes to dealing with greed, one thing that is quite characteristic is that although it arrives by the desire to obtain something, it is not satisfied by obtaining (Cutler 1001). I completely agree with him on this point, that material desire can become excessive and lead to quenchless greed. However, it is my belief that happiness comes from fulfilling desire, which is, in part, fulfilling superficial material desire. But that is not all that constitutes happiness. As the Dalai Lama says, The true antidote of greed is contentment. If you have a strong sense of contentment, it doesnt matter whether you obtain the object or not either way, you argon still content (Cutler 1002). This kind of inner contentment comes ab bug out through the second type of happiness I spoke of, the spiritual or natura l happiness.Natural happiness or inner contentment is a instead difficult thing to explain, as it is a very abstract idea. Inner contentment cannot be represent through material things. It comes from oneself, from one making peace with what they have and understanding that they cannot have everything. Howard Cutler, the Dalai Lamas companion, asks How can we achieve inner contentment? There are two methods. One method is to obtain everything we pauperization and desire The second, and more reliable, method is not to have what we want but rather to want and appreciate what we have (Cutler 1002). It would seem that Cutler, the Dalai Lama, and I share many of the same views. Inner contentment itself comes from making peace with what we already have, moving past the desire of wanting material things.However, it should be shew clear that we are discussing happiness, not contentment. Contentment, inner contentment, certainly comes from achieving a peace with what one has and accepting that one cant have everything. But that is only contentment. True happiness comes from a balance of both contentment and desire. It comes from striking a balance between the two methods of achieving inner contentment.But this is only one persons happiness. Philosophers such as Epictetus would turn over that happiness does not come about through these methods. Epictetus taught that The goal of life is happiness or flourishing life. The way to achieve this condition is to understand the genius of the good (Barnet and Bedau 995). He argued that The only true good is virtue. Yes, wealth can be useful, but it is not good or bad Poverty is not bad but is morally indifferent (just as wealth is morally indifferent) The life that is happy or fruitful is the virtuous life (Barnet and Bedau 995). Epictetus was likely dissertation about happiness as a whole or happiness for the greater good. One persons happiness may not be the same as anothers, but I agree with Epictetus that happiness com es about through living a virtuous life. I would call this version of happiness a lay contentment. This is, of course, different from the inner contentment previously discussed.Daniel Gilbert adds onto this idea of contentment. In his essay Does Fatherhood Make You Happy? he explains that having children generally makes a lift happy. Psychologists have measured how people feel as they go about their daily activities, and have found that people are less happy when they are interacting with their children than when they are eating, exercising, shopping or watching television (Gilbert 985). He starts off by stating how studies have shown that parents become less happy when they have children around them and how they would rather be spending time doing other things to make them happy, but later counters this idea with his reasons from personal experience.First, when something makes us happy we are willing to pay a lot for it, which is why the worst Belgian chocolate is more expensive than the best Belgian tofu. But that process can work in resign when we pay a lot for something, we assume it makes us happy, which is why we swear to the wonders of bottled water and Armani socks (Gilbert 985). Gilbert brings toward a materialistic view very similar to the Dalai Lamas. We are willing to sacrifice for material wants and desires but only true happiness lies in contentment.Gilbert compares children to heroin, while it may seem irrational his points are made clear. Children give parents a feeling of pleasure that makes them forget everything else around them. The analogy to children is all too clear. Even if their company were an unremitting pleasure, the fact that they require so much company means that other sources of pleasure will all but disappear (Gilbert 986). I interpret this as another form of contentment. Because of how material it is to have children, it makes a parent content that they dont need anything else.Lewis proposes a countercultural idea, that we actually have no right to happiness. Some people debate that happiness is a right and is supposed to be given out, or is required to be provided by the government, like a right. In all reality that is true, but to an extent, we do have a right to happiness we also have a right to earn happiness. We are all provided with the resources to do so. As in all rights we are provided with there still is some kind of boundary.If we establish a right to (sexual) happiness which supersedes all the ordinary rules of behavior, we do so not because of what out passion shows itself to be in experience but because of what it professes to be while we are in the grip of it (Lewis 1006). Lewis would say that pursuing happiness is alright as long as you are within legal and moral laws. In other words, living a good life is a means to imitate happiness.Thus the question of what is happiness can be defined in multiple ways. For one person, it is through achieving a state of inner contentment through f inding a balance between material desire of what one does not have and a desire of what one already has. In the setting of worldly or societal happiness, happiness is found through living a life of virtue and thus being fulfilled, or finding contentment, in that manner. Happiness is all of these things.Happiness, however, isnt a destination to reach. Its a perception, a mindset. There are those that believe that people are born with this mindset. There are others who believe that each of us can achieve this perception merely by redirecting our thoughts. Both are true. Sometimes it takes a really stressful event to make us realize how grateful we are for what we have rather than desiring what we dont have. The secret to happiness is contentment a still point of realization that happiness is found within, not through external measures and possessions. Contentment is more than being grateful for the small things in life, it is being grateful for simply being. Contentment is a vocal m usic the heart sings in the quiet moments of the day. Can you hear it?

Comparison Of Different Types Of Ic Design Computer Science Essay

Comparison Of Different Types Of Ic Design Computer Science EssayThe topic of this assignment is to comp be on variant types of IC jut out. Therefore, we must first understand the meaning of IC. An IC, combine circuit, is also cognize as microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip. It is a venial electronic circuit that consists of semiconductor devices and other passive dowerys. These components argon manufactured on a ceramic or plastic container. Internal connections are welded from the chip to different number of external pins depending on the chips function.IC object means that utilise logic and circuit design techniques to design and produce integrated circuits. It requires pathways so that randomness fuel flow properly and subtile electrical components are organized to maximize space so that computer systems wad be as small as possible. Living in this modern age of data entropy, we need to design faster and smaller IC to increase our daily career quality and to catch up with the technology.IC design is classified mainly into two categories of one-dimensional and digital IC design. Digital IC design is the most wide used in daily life such as microprocessor, FPGAs, memories (RAM, ROM, and flash) and digital ASICs. On the other hand, parallel IC is used in the design of sensors, fountain management circuits, and operational amplifiers.The figure of IC is shown below get wind 1(a) Figure 1(b)(Adapted from introduction to ASIC, http//iroi.seu.edu.cn/books/asics/Book2/CH01/CH01.htm 1)Figure1(a) shows an IC chip where the pins will fit into holes in a printed-circuit board or breadboard. Figure1(b), the silicon chip ( more than properly known as a die) is fitted in the cavity under the sealed lid.A more detail classification of IC based on digital and analog is as follow Chart 1 Hierarchical classification of ICReferring to chart 1, as we are more interested in the branch of digital IC design, I expand more on its hierarchy compare to others. I will first compare between analog and digital IC design. Then I will explain on the advantages of individually of them and mixed- bless IC design. Next, I will compare and explain on full custom and semi-custom IC follow by a simple explanation of silicon compilation as it is not discussed in lectures. After that, I will compare gate array, standard jail cell and PLDs.ContentAnalog, digital and mixed signal IC designThe comparison between analog and digital IC design is tabled as below CharacteristicsAnalog IC designDigital IC design noteMore susceptible to resound slight noisePrecisionLess preciseMore preciseDesign difficultyHarder to designEasier to design complexityHighLowPower consumptionLowHighHeat wasteLowHighDesign workDemands strong understanding of the principles, concepts and techniquesthrough by copy and reusing the same circuit functions or libraryLife cycle10years1 to 2 yearsCostLowHigh culture storageNoise from aging degrades in arrive atationnoise-immuni ty makes information not degradedTable 1 Comparison between analog IC design and digital IC designAnalog IC designIn analog IC design, the analog signals take any value from a given range, and each unique signal value represents different information. It is often found in op-amps, linear regulators, phase locked loops, oscillators and active filters. Therefore, a slight change in the signal may affect the design. For example, an analog signal is used to represent temperature, with one volt representing one degree Celsius. Therefore, 10 volts would produce 10 degrees, and 10.1 volts would produce 10.1 degrees. line of latitude IC design produces noise, which is a random psychological disorder, variation or random thermal vibrations of atomic particles. Since any changes in an analogue signal is significant, any disturbance will change in the original signal and appears as noise. As the signal is copied and re-copied, or genetic over long distances, these random variations become more significant and lead to signal degradation. Other sources of noise may include external electrical signals or poorly designed components. These disturbances are reduced by shielding, and using low-noise amplifiers.2 However, some irreducible noise such as the shot noise in components will make an analog IC design imprecise. When purpose an analog circuit, the choice of every single component, sizing, placement, and connection is crucial. Every small detail such as the resistance, placement and number of resistor, will affect the public presentation of final result. Therefore, designing an analog IC requires strong understanding of the principles, concepts and techniques. Hence, it is said that analog IC design is much more complex compare to digital IC design. It is harder to design because analogue circuit must be designed by hand, and the process is much less automated than digital IC. However, once an analog IC is designed successfully with high signal to noise ratio, low d istortion, low power consumption, high reliability and stability, it can have a life cycle of more than 10 years. As a result of the long life cycle, the price of analog IC is low.Digital IC designA digital IC is designed to accept only input voltages of specific values and it uses only two states which are the binary quantities, on and off representing 1 and 0 or true and false. This is achieved by using the logic of Boolean algebra. The three basic logic functions in a digital IC are NOT, AND, and OR. A truth table is needed to design a digital IC. As discussed in the lectures, the design of digital systems is divided into combinational systems, which is a type of a set of logic functions, and sequential systems, which are state machines. It is often found in microprocessors, FPGAs, memories (RAM, ROM, and flash) and digital ASIC.Digital IC design produces less noise or even no noise. Digitally represented signals are transmitted using binary sequence of 1 and 0. It can be recons tructed, retransmitted or transmitted over long distance without any error provided the noise during transmission is unable to alter the 1s and 0s. Hence, digital IC is more precise compare to analog IC. Even in a compact disc of around 6 billion binary digits, the information or data can be presented on the nose because each digit is handled by the same kind of hardware and there is no noise in the handling process. Digital IC is easier to design because it is controlled by software such as electronic design automation tools (EDA) so that functions can be altered without changing the hardware. If consumers detect error, they can simply produce the software to rectify the error. As digital IC is almost immune to noise, information can be stored and retrieved completely and precisely without any damage or degradation.However, there are some disadvantages of digital IC. Because digital IC is very dense in circuitry, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits to save the same tasks, thus producing more heat. In portable or battery-powered systems this can limit use of digital systems.3 Digital IC empha size of its on pelt along and constitute ratio computing to achieve the lowest possible hail with the highest operating speed. Designers must use more efficient algorithms to process digital signals, or use new process to improve the integration monetary value. Therefore, the life cycle of digital IC is very short, about 1 year -2 years and the cost is higher than analog IC.4 Since digital circuits involve millions of times as many components as analog circuits, much of the design work is done by copying and reusing the same circuit functions, especially by using digital design software that contains libraries of pre-structured circuit components. 5Mixed signal IC designA mixed-signal integrated circuit is any integrated circuit that has both analog circuits and digital circuits on a single semiconductor die.6 Mixed-signal can be found in ADC or DA C and digital radio chips. Since mixed-signal IC requires both analog and digital design, it is usually designed for a very specific purpose and because of that, their design requires a high level of expertise and careful use of computer aided design (CAD) tools. Therefore this type of design is very complicated andcostly.Full-custom and semi-custom IC designThe comparison between analog and digital IC design is tabled as below CharacteristicsFull-custom IC designSemi-custom IC designCircuitsCustomizedPredesignedManufacturing timeLong tersePerformanceMaximizeModerateArea of ICMinimizeModerateCostHighLowTable 2 comparison between full-custom and semi-custom IC designFull-custom IC designFull-custom design is a methodology for designing integrated circuits by specifying the layout of each individual transistor, logic cells, mask layers and the joinions between them.7 Basically, the IC is designed from scratch and tailor-made to meet the requirement of a specific purpose. The main go al of having a full-custom design is to maximize the performance and minimize the sphere of influence of an IC. Therefore, a lot of researches and studies are needed to produce a full-custom IC which results in very high production cost and long manufacturing period. Usually, full-custom IC is catered for prodigious production so that the high production cost is fully utilized. Full-custom IC is produced from time to time when there is no suitable existing libraries available that can be used for the design. This is because existing libraries are outdated or consume too much power.Semi-custom IC designSemi-custom IC design can be partly customized to serve different functions within its general area of application.8 It allows a certain extend of modification during the manufacturing process. It has the diffused layer fully defined scarce the libraries of pre-structured circuit components with the same circuit functions can be reused. This can save a lot of time and cost to in pro ducing a semi-custom IC design. Therefore, the manufacturing cost if low and it is used widely in almost every IC design around the world. Semi-custom IC design is further classified into 3 groups which are gate array, standard cell and programmable logic devices circuits.Silicon compilation IC designSilicon compilation is to use a software system that takes a users specifications and automatically generates an integrated circuit (IC).9 Generally, a designer is given a description of the system, by using a silicon compiler, mask and test information are produced which is either a simple combinational circuit or a finite state machine. The first step of silicon compilation is replace a hardware-description language such as Verilog or VHDL or FpgaC into logic. Next, we shall place the logic gates on the IC followed by routing the standard cells together to form the desired logic.9 A drawback of this method of IC design is that most of the silicon compilers do not utilize the area of silicon efficiently. Therefore, it is usually produced in small volume. It may used to generate simple cells to build up standard cell libraries.10Gate array, standard cell and programmable logic devices (PLDs) ICThe comparison between gate array, standard cell and programmable logic devices circuits is tabled as below CharacteristicsGate array criterion cellPLDs (FPGA)FlexibilityFlexible real flexibleLess flexibleRiskLess riskyLess riskyRiskyManufacturing CostModerateCheapExpensiveManufacturing DifficultyModerateEasyVery complexManufacturing timeShortestShortModerateSilicon sizeModerateSmallLimitedSpeedSlowModerateFastHeat dissipationLowModerateHighTable 3 Comparison between gate array, standard cell and PLDs (FPGA) ICGate array ICIn a gate-array-based IC, the transistors, logic gates and other active devices are predefined on the silicon wafer. The only uncompleted part of the creation is the final surface layer, which defines the interconnect between the elements. Connecting the se elements allows the function of the IC to be customized. Therefore, it is very flexible and less risky since it uses predefined elements. Furthermore, adding a surface layer of interconnects requires only a small cost and short time to complete. However, the chips designed using gate array techniques are a bit bigger in silicon area than standard cell IC, which makes them more expensive and harder to manufacture.11Standard cell ICIn standard cell IC, different sizes of predesigned cells are used and a big combination of cells can be formed which is known as mega cells. Mega cells can be found in microcontroller or microprocessor. These cells, which consist of logic functions such as gates, latches, buffers and flip-flops, are known as standard cell library. Designer only needs to define only the placement of the standard cells and the interconnects in a standard cell IC.12 Standard cell IC is flexible because it uses both digital and analog functions. The transistor sizes can be changed to improve speed and performance. It has a smaller silicon size and therefore a more compact are compare to gate array IC. In addition, it has faster speed which results in higher heat dissipation.(Adapted from Standard-Cell-Based ASICs, http//iroi.seu.edu.cn/books/asics/Book2/CH01/CH01.1.htmpgfId=1331)1Figure 2 shows A cell-based IC die with a single standard-cell area (a flexible block) together with four fixed blocks.Programmable logic devices ICPLD is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits an undefined function at the time of manufacture.13 Before starting to implement PLD in a circuit, it must be tack or programmed to create a part customized to a specific application. This makes PLD a very flexible design to fulfill any custom specification. However, the limited size ((adapted from Programmable Logic Devices, http//iroi.seu.edu.cn/books/asics/Book2/CH01/CH01.1.htm)1Figure 2 shows a PLD die. The macrocells typically consist of programmabl e array logic followed by a flip-flop or latch. The macrocells are connected using a large programmable interconnect block.

Service marketing by banking sector

Service trade by shoreing sector Service merchandiseNew and advanced methods of marketing services used by banking sectorIntroductionA bank is a financial institution licensed by a government. Its immemorial activities include borrowing and lending money.Banks no longer restricted themselves to traditional banking activities, but explored newer avenues to increase business and capture new market.-In the 1990s, greater emphasis creation placed on technology and innovation.-New concept ilk personal banking, retail banking, total branch automation, etc were introducedBanks activities so-and-so be divided into retail banking, dealing instantly with individuals and small businesses business banking, providing services to mid-market business corporate banking, directed at large business entities private banking, providing wealth management services to high light up worth individuals and families and investment banking, relating to activities on the financial markets. Most banks be profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by government, or are non-profit organizations.Banks offer many another(prenominal) different channels to access their banking and other services-1- Bank branch2- ATM3- Mail4- Telephone banking5- Online banking6- fluid banking7- Video bankingNew innovative method of marketing services used by banking sector1- E-banking-Enables people to carry out most of their banking transaction using a safe website which is operated by their respected bank.2- affection banking- it include knowing customer needs. Depositing and lending of money. Providing core banking solution.3- Corporate banking- it includes providing financial solution to large corporate and MNCs.4- Mobile banking- it helps in balance inquiry, fund transfer, cheque book request etc.5- Plastic money-Plastic money are the alternative to the cash or standard money, it is convinent to carry and generic term for all geeks of bank cards, debit cards, credit cards, sma rt cards.6- NRI banking-This facility is designed for diverse banking requirements of the vast NRI population spread across the globe.7- TOTAL BRANCH AUTOMATION-this is one of the latest towards musical composition less transactions, it is more customer friendly and flexible that has speed up bank transaction and with less error possibility.Marketing mix of banking sectorThe marketing mix of banking sector includes 7 ps that are explained below so that they can understand their customers better and provide them good services.ProductsBANKS PRODUCTS(A) DEPOSITS Savings, Current, Fixed etc.(B) ADVANCESa) boundary Loan,b) Clean Loan, c) Bills Discounting, d) Advances, e) Pre-shipment Finance, f) Post-shipment finance, g) Secured and Unsecured lines of credit.(2) Non-fund oriented a) Guarantees, and b) Letter of Credit.(C) INTERNATIONAL BANKING a) Letter of Credit, and b) Foreign Currency.(D) CONSULTANCY a) Investment Counselling, b) Project Counselling, c) Merchant Banking, and d) Ta x Consultancy.(E) MISCELLANEOUS a) Traveller Cheques, b) Credit card, c) Remittances, d) Collections, e) barter of Drafts, f) Standing instructions, and g) Trusteeship.Price-The price mix in the banking sector is nothing but the interest rates charged by the different banks.Lets understand this with an example. A occurrence buyer approaches for a car loan say for a period of 3 years. He is charged Rs. 20,000 as interest. however if a sales example of another bank comes to know of this deal he will try to attract the customer by giving him a better deal that is a loan at a lower rate on interest. In this way due to the high level of competition the customer benefits.PricingThis type of set is mainly done by banks having unique or different products or schemes. They usually charge a combination of high and low prices depending on the customer loyalty as well as the products. This type of pricing strategy is usually coupled with promotion programmes.-Going rate pricing-Mark up pric ingPlacePlace mix is the location analysis for banks branches. There are number a factors affecting the determination of the location of the branch of bank. Like population characteristics, commercial, proximity of other commercial outlets.PromotionPromotion is nothing but making the customer more and more aware of the services and benefits provided by the bank.The banks today can use a lot of new technology to communicate to their customers. Two of the fastest growing modern tools of communicating with the customers are1. Internet Banking2. Mobile BankingProcessThe process mix constitutes the overall procedure involved in using the services offered by the bank.Lets take for example the process for application for a car loan.Now this mainly involves 3 things.1. Producing of proper documents2. Filling up of application form3. Paying for the initial down paymentPhysical certaintyPhysical evidence is the overall layout of the place. How the entire bank has been designed. Physical evi dence refers to all those factors that helps make the process much easier and smoother. For example in case of a bank the physical evidence would be the placement of the customer service executives desk, or the location of the place for depositing Cheques. It is very necessary the place is designed in such a manner so as to ensure maximum convenience to the customer and cause no confusion to himInterpretation and recommendationBanks are the most significant players in the Indian financial market.They are the biggest purveyors of credit, and they also attract most of the savings from the population. Dominated by public sector, the banking industry has so far acted as an efficient partner in the growth and the development of the country. Driven by the socialist ideologies and the welfare state concept, public sector banks eat up long been the supporters of agriculture and other priority sectors. They act as crucial channels of the government in its efforts to ensure equitable economi c development. The Indian banking can be broadly categorized into nationalized (government owned), private banks and specialized banking institutions.The Reserve Bank of India acts a centralized body monitoring any discrepancies and shortcoming in the system.The Indian banking has finally worked up to the competitive dynamics of the new Indian market and is addressing the relevant issues to take on the multifarious challenges of globalization.-Banks that employ IT solutions are perceived to be futuristic and proactive players capable of meeting the multifarious requirements of the large customers base.-Private Banks have been fast on the uptake and are reorienting their strategies using the internet as a medium The Internet has emerged as the new and challenging frontier of marketing with the conventional physical world tenets being just as applicable like in any other marketing medium. Since for Indian banks globalization can be a good opportunity that they can exploit that will g et hold of to increased revenue, size and scale.

Exley Chemical Case Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis

Exley Chemical Case Analysis IntroductionThe purpose of this analysis is to offer insight into difficulties experienced by Exley Chemical Company. Case analysis will provide an objective view of the identified problems (both macro and micro), the causes, affected systems, alternatives and recommendations. In a collaborative effort, this spread over reflects multiple observations and opinions regarding the case analysis.AnalysisI. Problems A. Macro Lack of coordination inside the companies operationsDecrease in sales and profits.Operational conflicts within the major departmentsThis type of anatomical structure is inappropriate for this companyThere is no uniformity of command B. Micro The coordination between marketing and the new proceeds information department was insufficient. The Product development ha d problems with marketing.The Product manager quarrels with the marketing departmentProduct manager was unsuccessful in coordinating the activities. The company was having difficulties in producing a team concept within the departments.II. Causes Implementation of separate division to handle product development has disrupted the previous cohesive interaction between prior existing divisions. New product development division has taken on a life of its own, opting to market its new developments instead of passing the new products to the other divisions to handle their usual responsibilities.In spite of its independence of other teams with regard to product development and marketing, the new division still need... ...the training and developments (Brown & Harvey, 2006). In this situation, every manager needs to turn over dialogue with the marketing department. This action, alone, will set into motion changes that would be expected to aid the sales and revenue of their respective pr oducts (Blanchard & Thacker, 2004). ReferencesBrown, D. & Harvey, D. (2006). An experiential approach to organization development. (seventh edition). top(prenominal) Saddle River, NJ Pearson learner Hall.McNamara, C. (1999). Business planning. Retrieved on 26 October 2006 from www.NonProfitOffice.com Dagmar & Oliver Recklies. (2006). Themanager.org. Retrieved on 26 October 2006, from http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change_Phases.htm Blanchard, P.N. & Thacker, J.W. (2004). Effective training systems strategies and practices. (2nd Edition). Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.

What is a Community? Essay -- Sociology

A community is established when more than two tribe sh ar the same values and through time this personal connection evolves into a fellowship governed by rituals, traditions, and a particular form of communication that when taken together makes a group of individuals whether living in a specific geographical area or connected by ideals so distinct that their distinguishing mark allow them to stand out from among the crowd. They do non just believe in something like an organization but they need each other to exist and thrive. A good example is the Old Order Amish Mennonite community wherein the community serves as source of identity, strength and provides the reason why they should sustain the communitys way of life. It is important to understand that in order for a community to exist at least three conditions must(prenominal) be met a) place b) disport and c) communion (Smith, p.1). There must be a territory or place where people can congregate or can be seen (Smith , p.1). The localisation also helps identify the community and differentiate its members from other groups. The common interests shared by the members create a tight-knit community. Some examples of interests found in communities are religion, occupation, ethnic origin and even hobbies. Aside from location and interest one of the most important components is communion. There must be a connection mingled with the members of a particular community. Without this communion, the coming together, a profound sharing of ideas, resources etc., there can be no community but a group of individuals bind together simply because of proximity such as those living in a gated community in an upscale neighborhood but the residents do not know each other. A more technical definiti... ...rd the Amish Mennonite community exemplifies the meaning of community. The community is established and continues to develop because it is a source of identity, strength, and sustainability the reason why they m ust exist and perpetuate their way of life until the end of time. Works CitedCnaan, Ram & Carl Milofsky. Handbook of Community Movements and Local Organizations. New York Springer Science, 2008.Schwieder, Elmer & Thomas Morain. A erratic People Iowas Old Order Amish. Iowa University of Iowa Press, 1975.Smith, Mark. Community. Accessed 21 October 2010. Available from http//www.infed.org/community/community.htmBellah ET AL., Robert. Community, Commitment, and Individuality. Literacies Reading, Writing, Interpretation. By Terence Brunk. Second ed. New York W.W. Norton, 2000. 74. Print.